COMPARISON OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME IN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS MEASURED BY CANADIAN NEUROLOGICAL SCALE (CNS) AND NIHSS

Nila Novia Putri, Mohamad Saiful Islam, Imam Subadi
  MNJ, pp. 65-71  
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.mnj.2018.004.02.4

Abstract


Background. Stroke is the world’s second leading cause of death and main cause of disability. Smoking is a well-known risk factor of stroke. However, the correlation between smoking and stroke outcome is still remains a controversy.
Objective. To analyze the differences of functional outcome between smokers and non-smokers in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Methods. The design used in this study is retrospective cross-sectional. The functional outcomes of acute ischemic stroke were measured by Canadian Neurologic Scale (CNS) and NIHSS over a period of seven days after the onset of stroke. Differences of CNS and NIHSS were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test.
Results. Median of CNS in smokers and non-smokers were 9.0 and 11.0, respectively. Median of NIHSS in smokers and non-smokers were 4.0 and 2.0, respectively. There were no significant differences in the analysis of CNS score between smokers and non-smokers and NIHSS score analysis between smokers and non-smokers.
Conclusion. Smoking is not correlated with the functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients measured by CNS and NIHSS.


Keywords


Ischemic stroke; NIHSS; Canadian Neurological Scale; functional outcome; smoking

Full Text:

PDF

References


Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - At-aGlance [Internet]. American Heart Association; 2014 [cited 26 June 2016]. Available from: https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/ahamahpublic/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_470704.pdf

Dinata C, Safrita Y, Sastri S. Gambaran Faktor Risiko dan Tipe Stroke pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Bagian Penyakit Dalam RSUD Kabupaten Solok Selatan Periode 1 Januari 2010 - 31 Juni 2012. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2013; 2(2):57

Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013 [Internet]. 3rd ed. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2013 [cited 21 June 2016]. Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/general/Hasil%20Riskesdas%202013.pdf

Truelsen T, Begg S, Mathers C. The Global Burden of Cerebrovascular Disease (Global Burden Disease 2000) [Internet].World Health Organization (WHO); 2006 [cited 24 June 2016]. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_cerebrovasculardiseasestroke.pdf

Eriksen M, Mackay J, Schluger N, Gomeshtapeh F, Drope J. The Tobacco Atlas. 5th ed. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society, Inc.; 2015

NHIS-Adult Tobacco Use-Glossary [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [cited 26 June 2016]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/tobacco/tobacco_glossary.htm

Baldassarre D, Castelnuovo S, Frigerio B, Amato M, Werba J, De Jong A et al. Effects of Timing and Extent of Smoking, Type of Cigarettes, and Concomitant Risk Factors on the Association Between Smoking and Subclinical Atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2009;40(6): 1991-1998.

Kerr D, Fulton R, Lees K. Seven-Day NIHSS Is a Sensitive Outcome Measure for Exploratory Clinical Trials in Acute Stroke: Evidence From the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. Stroke. 2012; 43(5):1401-1403

Kwakkel G, Veerbeek J, van Wegen E, Nijland R, Harmeling-van der Wel B, Dippel D. (2010). Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: Does timing of early assessment matter?.Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 294(1-2), pp.57-61

Grotta J, Albers G, Broderick J, Kasner S, Lo E, Mendelow A et al. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management (Sixth Edition). 6th ed. Elsevier; 2015

Quinn T, Harrison J, McArthur K. Assessment scales in stroke: clinimetric and clinical considerations. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2013;:201

Appelros P, Stegmayr B, Terent A. Sex Differences in Stroke Epidemiology: A Systematic Review. Stroke. 2009;40(4):10821090

Toyoda K. Epidemiology and Registry Studies of Stroke in Japan. Journal of Stroke. 2013;15(1):21

Barker-Collo S, Bennett D, Krishnamurthi R, Parmar P, Feigin V, Naghavi M et al. Sex Differences in Stroke Incidence, Prevalence, Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;45(3):203-214

WHO. Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Indonesia Report 2011 [Internet]. Jakarta: World Health Organization; 2012 [cited 22 June 2016]. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/tobacco/data/gats_indonesia_2011.pdf

Siddique M, Nur Z, Mahbub M, Alam M, Miah M. Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology of Stroke : A Study of 100 Cases. Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2009 [cited 10 September 2017];10(2). Available from: https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JOM/article/view/2820/0

Munir, B., Rasyid, H., & Rosita, R. Relationship between the Random Blood Glucose Levels during Admission at Emergency Room with Clinical Output in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Malang Neurology Journal, 1(2),(2015). 52-60. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.mnj.2015.001.02.2

Goldstein L, Adams R, Alberts M, Appel L, Brass L, Bushnell C et al. American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: co-sponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. American Journal of Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2006 [cited 11 September 2017];142(4):716. Available from: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/37/6/1583.long

Ovbiagele B, Weir C, Saver J, Muir K, Lees K. Effect of Smoking Status on Outcome after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2006;21(4):260-265

Sari, I., & Islam, M. (2016). The Comparison between Deficit Functional Neurologist with Von Willebrand Factor Levels in Acute Thrombotic Stroke Patients. Malang Neurology Journal, 2(1), 1-8. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.mnj.2016.002.01.1

Moulin S, Padjen-Bogosavljevic V, Marichal A, Cordonnier C, Jovanovic D, Gautier S et al. Influence of Differences in Case Mix on the Better Outcome of Smokers after Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Cerebral Ischemia. European Neurology. 2012;67(3):178-183

Aries M, Uyttenboogaart M, Koch M, Langedijk M, Vroomen P, Luijckx G et al. Does smoking influence outcome after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke?.European Journal of Neurology. 2009;16(7):819-822

Lee J, Lee J, Ahn S, Jang M, Oh M, Kim C et al. Smoking is Not a Good Prognostic Factor following First-Ever Acute Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Stroke [Internet]. 2015 [cited 12 September 2017];17(2):177. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460337/

Kufner A, Nolte C, Galinovic I, Brunecker P, Kufner G, Endres M et al. SmokingThrombolysis Paradox: Recanalization and Reperfusion Rates After Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Smokers With Ischemic Stroke. Stroke [Internet]. 2013 [cited 12 September 2017];44(2):407-413. Available from: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/44/2/407.long

Bang O, Park H, Lee P, Kim G, Chung C, Lee K. Improved outcome after atherosclerotic stroke in male smoker. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2007;260(1-2):43-48

Kumagai N, Okuhara Y, Iiyama T, Fujimoto Y, Takekawa H, Origasa H et al. Effects of smoking on outcomes after acute atherothrombotic stroke in Japanese men. Journal of the Neurological Sciences [Internet]. 2013 [cited 14 September 2017];335(1-2):164-168. Available from: http://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022510X(13)02932-8/fulltext


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.