EXTRACRANIAL METASTASIS OF GLIOBLASTOMA: A RARE CASE
Keywords:
Glioblastoma, Extracranial metastasis, Neck mass, Rare caseAbstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor in the neural tissue and a highly aggressive primary tumor in human. It involves glial cells in 52% of functional brain tissue cases and 20% of all intracranial tumors. Extra cranial metastasis of Glioblastoma is very rare. Metastasis outside CNS was uncommon in GBM but it could occur with frequency 0.2% and can spread in head and neck sites. The mechanism of this spread is not understood yet. The extracranial spread routes were speculated on the direct lymphatic connections, the venous system and the adjacent structure like dura and bone. We present a case of female patient with a known glioblastoma who had an extracranial metastasis on her left neck with complete Radiotherapy n Chemotherapy and survive more than 2 years.
References
Haroon S and Faridi NF. Cervical metatstatic glioblastoma multiforme. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; 2013.23(2):160-1. DOI: 02.2013/JCPSP.160161
Visser O, Ardanaz E, Botta L, Sant M, Tavilla A, Minicozzi P, Survival of adults with primary malignant brain tumours in europe; results of the eurocare-5 study. Eurocare-5 Working Group: Eur J Cancer; 2015.51(15):2231-2241. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.032
Hoffman HJ, Duffner PK. Extraneural metastases of central nervous system tumors. Cancer; 1985.1;56(7 Suppl):1778-82. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4027909
Catherine C, Park, et.ala. Systemic Metastasis in glioblastoma may represent the emergence of neoplastic subclones. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol; 2000.59:1044-50
Piccirilli M, Brunetto GM, Rocchi G, Giangaspero F, Salvati M. Extra central nervous system metastases from cerebral glioblastoma multiforme in elderly patients. clinico-pathological remarks on our series of seven cases and critical review of the literature. Tumori; 2008.94(1):40-51. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18468334
Polley MY, Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Butowski N, Clarke JL, Prados M. Conditional probability of survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol; 2011.1;29(31):4175-80. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2010.32.4343
Anghileri E, Castiglione M, Nunziata R, Boffano C, Nazzi V, Acerbi F, et al. Extraneural metastases in glioblastoma patients: two cases with ykl-40-positive glioblastomas and a meta-analysis of the literature. Neurosurg Rev; 2016.39(1):37-45; discussion 45-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-015-0656-9
Huang P, Allam A, Taghian A, Freeman J, Duffy M, Suit HD. Growth and metastatic behavior of five human glioblastomas compared with nine other histological types of human tumor xenografts in scid mice. J Neurosurg; 1995.83(2):308-15. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7616277
Schweitzer T, Vince GH, Herbold C, Roosen K, Tonn JC. Extraneural metastases of primary brain tumors. J Neurooncol; 2001.53(2):107-14. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11716064
Zustovich F, Della Puppa A, Scienza R, Anselmi P, Furlan C, Cartei G. Metastatic oligodendrogliomas: a review of the literature and case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien); 2008.150(7):699-702; discussion 702-3. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-008-1507-z
Alam ABN, Rahayu M, Islani AZS. Effect of the radiation of gamma rays on caspase-3 expression in rattus norvegicus wistar male variant brain cell with immunohistochemistry method. Malang Neurology Journal; 2015.1:72-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.mnj.2015.001.02.5
Tuettenberg J, Grobholz R, Korn T, Wenz F, Erber R, Vajkoczy P. Continuous low-dose chemotherapy plus inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 as an antiangiogenic therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol; 2005.131(1):31-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-0040620-5
Cervio A, Piedimonte F, Salaberry J, Alcorta SC, Salvat J, Diez B, et al. Bone metastases from secondary glioblastoma multiforme: a case report. J Neurooncol; 2001.52(2):141-8. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11508813
Kaye A, Laws Jr E. Brain tumours. Philadelphia: Churchill Living-stone; 2001
Hsu E, Keene D, Ventureyra E, et al. Bone marrow metastasis in astrocitic glioma. J Neurooncol; 1998.37:285-93. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9524086