EFFECTS OF GENISTEIN EXPOSURE TOWARD INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN CHICKEN EMBRYO MODEL (GALLUS GALLUS) AGE 48 HOURS
Keywords:
Genistein, chick embryo, central nervous systemAbstract
Background. The safety of genistein consumption in the first trimester of pregnancy and its effect on embryonic development, especially in the development of Central Nervous System (CNS) is still not widely known.
Objective. To determine the effect of genistein exposure to the early development of the Central Nervous System.
Methods. The animal model used in this research is chick embryo (Gallus gallus). Genistein at a dose of 5 µM, 10 µM and 20 µM in ovo injected into the yolk sac of the eggs before incubation. The eggs were then incubated for 48 hours at a temperature of from 37.50 to 38.50 C. After 48 hours, broken egg shell, embryos are taken and carried out using Toluidine Blue staining. The evaluation was done on the neural tube, anterior neuropore, posterior neuropore and somites.
Results. It was found neural tube defects in the group treated with genistein more than the control group but the result was not statistically significant.
Conclusion. For the somites, in the group treated with a dose of 10 µM genistein, the number of somites more than the control group and statistically the number is significant.
References
WHO. Congenital Anomalies. (Online), http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs370/en/, 2014. (diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2014)
CDC. Facts about Birth Defects. (Online), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/facts.html, 2014. (diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2014)
CDC. Birth Defects: Data & Statistic. (Online), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/data.html, 2013. (diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2014)
Christianson A, Howson CP, and Modell B. March of Dimes: Global Report on Birth Defects. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation: White Plains, New York. 2006
Polkowski K and Mazurek AP. Biological Properties of Genistein. A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Data. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica– Drug Research 2000.57 (2):135-55
Banerjee S, Li Y, Wang Z, Sarkar FH. Minireview Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by genistein. Cancer Letters 2008.269:226–42
Balakrishnan B, Thorstensen, Ponnampalam, Mitchell. Transplacental Transfer and Biotransformation of Genistein in Human Placenta. Placenta 2010. 31 : 506-11
Sassi-Messai S, Gibert Y, Bernard L, Nishio S-I, Ferri Lagneau KF, et al. The Phytoestrogen Genistein Affects Zebrafish Development through Two Different Pathways. PLoS ONE 2009. 4 (3) : 4935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004935
Stern CD. The Chick Embro – past, present and future as a model system in developmental biology. Mechanism of Development 2004. 121: 1011-13
Colas JF and Schoenwolf, GC. A Peer Reviewed Forum. Towards a Cellular and Molecular Understanding of Neurulation. Developmental Dynamics 2001. 221: 117-45
Hamburger V and Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J.Morph. 1951. 88:49-92
Dahlan, MS. Statistik Untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Cetakan ketiga. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. 2013
Straaten H, Janseen H, Peeters M, Copp AJ, Heeking J. Neural Tube Closure in the Chick Embryo Is Multiphasic. Developmental Dynamics 1996. 207:309-18
Sullivan, G.M., Feinn, Richard. Using Effect Size—or Why the P Value Is Not Enough. J Grad Med Educ 2012. 4(3): 279-82
Zhou J, Kim HY, and Davidson LA. Actomyosin stiffens the vertebrate embryo during crucial stages of elongation and neural tube closure. Development. 2009. 136 (4) : 677-88
Saddler TW. Langman’s Medical Embryology. 10th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006
Corral RD and Storey KG. Markers in vertebrate neurogenesis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001. (2): 835-39
Patthey C, Gunhaga L, Edlund T. Early Development of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Is Coordinated by Wnt and BMP Signals. PLoS ONE 2008. 3(2):1625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001625
Bellairs R and Osmond M. The Atlas of Chick Development. Elsevier, Ltd. 2005
Kawa-uchi T, Nifuji A, Mataga N, et al. Fibroblast Growth Factor Downregulates Expression of a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix-type Transcription Factor, Scleraxis, in a Chondrocyte-Like Cell Line, TC6. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1998. 70:468–77
Yamaguchi Y and Miura M. How to form and close the brain: insight into the mechanism of cranial neural tube closure in mammals. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2013. 70: 3171–86
Eom D, Amarnath S, Fogel J, Agarwala S. Bone morpho¬genetic proteins regulate neural tube closure by interacting with the apicobasal polarity pathway. Development, 2011. 138:3179–88
Draper BW, Stock DW, Kimmel CB. Zebrafish FGF24 Functions with FGF8 to Promote Posterior Mesodermal Development. Development 2003. (19):4639-54
